More cyberattacks reported; RSA tokens likely involved

Has someone declared a cyber war against government contractors?

Two more cyberattacks, this time against Northrop Grumman Corp. and L-3 Communications Inc., have been reported, barely a week after an attack on Lockheed Martin Corp. caused the shutdown of some of its systems.

The attacks apparently are the fallout from a breach at EMC Corp.’s RSA Security division earlier this year, where information is believed to have been taken and used to attack Lockheed Martin Corp. and L-3.

The L-3 attack was reported May 27 by Reuters, which said attackers reportedly were able to spoof the passcode from an RSA SecurID token.

Fox News is reporting the attack on Northrop Grumman, but the company has declined to confirm the breach.

Similar data is believed to have been used in a May 21 attempt to access Lockheed Martin, which the company described as a “significant and tenacious attack on its information systems network.”

Related stories:

'Significant' attack shuts down Lockheed network

Hackers gain access to RSA's SecurID security tokens

The RSA breach, reported in March, was described by the company as an Advanced Persistent Threat that targeted information related to the SecurID two-factor authentication product. Although details of that attack still have not been released, it is believed that information about the seed numbers used by an algorithm to generate one-time passcodes on the token was taken.

In a letter to customers, RSA Executive Chairman Art Coviello said that, although “the information extracted does not enable a successful direct attack on any of our RSA SecurID customers, this information could potentially be used to reduce the effectiveness of a current two-factor authentication implementation as part of a broader attack.”

The broader attack appears to be what has happened at Lockheed Martin and L-3, according to observers in the industry.

Harry Sverdlove, CTO at Bit9, an end-point security company, said the Lockheed Martin attack apparently began with the compromise and installation of keylogger malware on a computer that remotely connected to the corporation’s network. That would let the attacker collect a log-in password and probably several one-time SecurID passcodes.

The passcodes cannot be reused and by themselves are useless. Likewise, the algorithm used to generate them is well-known, but is useless without a seed number that is used to determine what codes are generated. But if the attacker had access to several passcodes, it would be a trivial task to work through a database of seed numbers to determine which value was used to create the codes, Sverdlove said. The attacker could then use that value to generate viable passcodes that could be used with the password to log into the system.

“Whoever attacked Lockheed Martin was the same as who attacked RSA or had access to information from the RSA breach,” Sverdlove said.

He said the exploit that delivered the keylogger to the remote computer likely came through a targeted phishing e-mail, the same technique that was used in the initial RSA attack and that also was used to break into systems at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory in April. The series of attacks illustrates how vulnerable the most sophisticated defenses can be to a well-engineered phishing attack.

“It only took one infiltration vector to steal everything needed to defeat two-factor authentication,” Sverdlove said.

The attackers are not “one-trick ponies,” Sverdlove said. “They are raising the bar,” by building on initial successes to develop additional attacks.

Sverdlove said that “hardening” passwords used with two-factor authentication or using additional passwords provides no additional security in a system that has been compromised, because attackers are able to collect password data.

Ronald Rivest, professor of computer science at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and originally the “R” in RSA, said there is no end in sight in the battle between attackers and defenders.

“It is not a problem you can solve,” Rivest said. “We will continue to see attacks and we will continue to see successful attacks.”

He compared cybersecurity to health care, in which new drugs and treatments are continually developed to improve health, although new germs and diseases continue to appear. Success is not determined by the ability to completely eliminate problems.

“There is no silver bullet,” Rivest said. “We must aim for steady progress, not perfection.”